1. Okwu Mmalite

A na-ejikarị Antimony, dị ka ígwè dị mkpa na-abụghị ferrous, eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, alloys, semiconductors na ubi ndị ọzọ. Agbanyeghị, antimony ores n'okike na-ebikọkarị na arsenic, na-ebute oke arsenic dị na antimony crude nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ na ojiji nke ngwaahịa antimony nke ukwuu. Isiokwu a na-ewebata usoro dị iche iche maka iwepụ arsenic na nhicha antimony crude, gụnyere pyrometallurgical refining, hydrometallurgical refining, na electrolytic refining, na-akọwa ụkpụrụ ha, usoro usoro, ọnọdụ ọrụ, na uru/ọdịda.

2. Nrụpụta Pyrometallurgical maka mwepụ nke Arsenic

2.1 Usoro Nrụpụta Alkaline

2.1.1 Ụkpụrụ

Usoro nchacha alkaline na-ewepụ arsenic dabere na mmeghachi omume dị n'etiti arsenic na alkali metal compounds iji mepụta arsenates. Isi nhazi mmeghachi omume:
2As + 3Na₂CO₃ → 2Na₃AsO₃ + 3CO↑
4As + 5O₂ + 6Na₂CO₃ → 4Na₃AsO₄ + 6CO₂↑

2.1.2 Usoro Usoro

1. Nkwadebe ihe eji esi nri: Ghichaa antimony dị nro n'ime ihe ruru 5-10mm wee gwakọta ya na ntụ soda (Na₂CO₃) na oke oke nke 10:1.
2. Ịgbaze: Kpoo ọkụ n'ime ọkụ reverberatory ruo 850-950°C, jide ya ruo awa 2-3
3. Oxidation: Webata ikuku a na-agbanye (nrụgide 0.2-0.3MPa), ọnụego mmiri 2-3m³/(h·t)
4. Nhazi Slag: Tinye nnu saltpeter kwesịrị ekwesị (NaNO₃) dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị oxidant, were 3-5% nke oke antimony.
5. Mwepụ Slag: Mgbe ị nọdụrụ ala ruo nkeji iri atọ, wepụ Slag elu
6. Ọrụ imegharị: Megharịa usoro dị n'elu ugboro abụọ-3

2.1.3 Njikwa Usoro Nhazi

• Njikwa okpomọkụ: Okpomọkụ kacha mma 900±20°C
• Ọnụọgụ Alkali: Gbanwee dịka ọdịnaya arsenic si dị, nke kachasị bụ 8-12% nke ibu antimony.
• Oge oxidation: 1-1.5 awa kwa okirikiri oxidation

2.1.4 Ịrụ ọrụ iwepụ arsenic

Nwere ike ibelata ọdịnaya arsenic site na 2-5% ruo 0.1-0.3%

2.2 Usoro Mgbanwe Oxidative

2.2.1 Ụkpụrụ

Ọ na-eji njirimara nke arsenic oxide (As₂O₃) na-agbanwe agbanwe karịa antimony oxide. As₂O₃ na-agbanwe naanị na 193°C, ebe Sb₂O₃ chọrọ 656°C.

2.2.2 Usoro Usoro

1. Ịgbaze ihe na-eme ka oxidative dị: Kpoo ọkụ n'ime ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ruo 600-650°C site na itinye ikuku n'ime ya
2. Ọgwụgwọ gas flue: Gbakọta ma weghachite mgbanwe As₂O₃ gbawara agbawa
3. Mbelata ịgbaze agbaze: Belata ihe fọdụrụ na 1200°C site na iji coke
4. Ịmecha ihe: Tinye obere ntụ soda maka ime ka ọ dị ọcha

2.2.3 Isi ihe dị mkpa

• Ngụkọta oxygen: 21-28%
• Oge obibi: awa 4-6
• Ọsọ ntụgharị nke ọkụ: 0.5-1r/min

3. Nrụpụta Hydrometallurgical maka mwepụ nke Arsenic

3.1 Ụzọ Nchacha Alkali Sulfide

3.1.1 Ụkpụrụ

Ọ na-eji njirimara nke arsenic sulfide nwere ike ịgbaze nke ọma na ngwọta alkali sulfide karịa antimony sulfide. Isi mmeghachi omume:
As₂S₃ + ​​3Na₂S → 2Na₃AsS₃
Sb₂S₃ + ​​Na₂S → Enweghị ike ịgbaze

3.1.2 Usoro Usoro

1. Sulfidation: Gwakọta ntụ ntụ antimony na sọlfọ na oke oke 1:0.3, gbanye sulfid na 500°C maka otu awa
2. Nchacha: Jiri 2mol/L Na₂S solution, mmiri mmiri na-esi ike ruru 5:1, gwakọta ya na 80°C ruo awa abụọ
3. Nzacha: Nzacha site na iji ihe nzacha, ihe fọdụrụ bụ obere ihe mgbochi arsenic antimony concentrate
4. Mmeghari ohuru: Tinye H₂S n'ime filtrate iji mee ka Na₂S dịghachi ọhụrụ

3.1.3 Ọnọdụ Usoro

• Ntinye uche nke ₂S: 1.5-2.5mol/L
• Mmiri pH na-asọpụta: 12-13
• Arụmọrụ ntapu mmiri: Dịka>90%, mfu Sb <5%

3.2 Ụzọ Ịsacha Oxidative Acid

3.2.1 Ụkpụrụ

Ọ na-eji arsenic mee ka ọ dị mfe ikpochapụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma n'ọnọdụ acidic, na-eji oxidants dị ka FeCl₃ ma ọ bụ H₂O₂ maka njupụta nhọrọ.

3.2.2 Usoro Usoro

1. Nchapu: Na mmiri HCl 1.5mol/L, tinye 0.5mol/L FeCl₃, nke ruru mmiri mmiri na ihe siri ike 8:1
2. Njikwa nwere ike: Nọgide na-enwe ike oxidation na 400-450mV (vs.SHE)
3. Nkewa siri ike na mmiri mmiri: Nzacha ikuku, ziga filtrate na mgbake arsenic
4. Ịsa: Jiri acid hydrochloric gwakọta ihe fọdụrụ n'ime nzacha ahụ ugboro atọ

4. Ụzọ Ịmepụta Nchacha Elektrọlik

4.1 Ụkpụrụ

Ọ na-eji ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara ike itinye ihe n'ime ihe dị n'etiti antimony (+0.212V) na arsenic (+0.234V).

4.2 Usoro Usoro

1. Nkwadebe Anode: Tụba antimony dị nro n'ime efere anode 400 × 600 × 20mm
2. Ngwakọta elektrọlitị: Sb³⁺ 80g/L, HCl 120g/L, ihe mgbakwunye (gelatin) 0.5g/L
3. Ọnọdụ elektrọlizis:
   • Njupụta dị ugbu a: 120-150A/m²
   • Voltaji sel: 0.4-0.6V
   • Okpomọkụ: 30-35°C
   • Anya elektrọd: 100mm
4. Okirikiri: Wepụ ya na sel kwa ụbọchị 7-10

4.3 Ihe ngosi teknụzụ

• Ịdị ọcha nke antimony kathode: ≥99.85%
• Ọnụọgụ mwepụ nke arsenic: >95%
• Arụmọrụ dị ugbu a: 85-90%

5. Teknụzụ Mwepụ Arsenic Na-apụta

5.1 Mwepụ ihe mkpofu

N'okpuru oghere 0.1-10Pa, a na-eji ọdịiche nrụgide uzuoku (Dịka: 133Pa na 550°C, Sb chọrọ 1000°C).

5.2 Ngụkọta Plasma

Ọ na-eji plasma dị obere okpomọkụ (5000-10000K) eme ihe maka oxidation arsenic ahọpụtara, obere oge nhazi (10-30min), obere oriri ike.

6. Ntụnyere na Nhọpụta Usoro

Ndụmọdụ maka nhọrọ:

• Nri arsenic dị elu (Dịka> 3%): Na-ahọrọ mmiri alkali sulfide.
• Arsenic dị ọkara (0.5-3%): Nchacha alkaline ma ọ bụ electrolysis
• Ihe achọrọ maka obere arsenic dị ọcha: A na-atụ aro ka e mee ka nchacha elektrọlik dị nro

7. Mmechi

Iwepụ arsenic site na antimony dị ọcha chọrọ nlebara anya zuru oke nke njirimara ihe ndị dị ndụ, ihe achọrọ maka ngwaahịa, na akụnụba. Usoro pyrometallurgical ọdịnala nwere nnukwu ikike mana nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dị ukwuu; usoro hydrometallurgical nwere obere mmetọ mana usoro ndị dị ogologo; usoro electrolytic na-emepụta ịdị ọcha dị elu mana na-eri ike karịa. Ntuziaka mmepe n'ọdịnihu gụnyere:

1. Ịmepụta ihe mgbakwunye dị irè nke mejupụtara
2. Ịhazi usoro njikọta dị iche iche
3. Imeziwanye ojiji akụrụngwa arsenic
4. Mbelata oriri ike na mmetọ ikuku