Selenium, dịka ihe dị mkpa maka semiconductor na ihe eji emepụta ihe, na-emetụta arụmọrụ ya ozugbo site na ịdị ọcha ya. N'oge usoro nhicha ikuku, ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nke oxygen bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi na-emetụta ịdị ọcha nke selenium. Isiokwu a na-enye nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ụzọ na usoro dị iche iche iji belata ọdịnaya oxygen n'oge nhicha selenium site na mwepụ ikuku.

I. Ibelata Ọdịnaya Oxygen n'oge A Na-emepụtaghị Ihe Ndị A Na-emepụta Tupu A Na-agwọ Ya

1. Mbido Nhicha nke Ihe Ndị E Ji Arụ Ọrụ

Selenium a na-anaghị eri anụ na-enwekarị ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha dị iche iche, gụnyere oxides. Tupu ị banye na sistemụ nhicha ikuku, a ga-eji usoro nhicha kemịkalụ wepụ oxides dị n'elu. Ngwọta nhicha a na-ejikarị eme ihe gụnyere:

• Ngwakọta hydrochloric acid (5-10% nke mkpokọta): Na-agbaze oxides dịka SeO₂ nke ọma
• Ethanol ma ọ bụ acetone: A na-eji ya ewepụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ
• Mmiri e wepụrụ ion: A na-asacha ọtụtụ ugboro iji wepụ acid fọdụrụnụ

Mgbe e sachara ya, a ga-akpọ nkụ n'okpuru ikuku gas na-adịghị arụ ọrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ar ma ọ bụ N₂) iji gbochie oxidation ọzọ.

2. Ọgwụgwọ ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ tupu e belata ha

Mbelata ọgwụgwọ nke ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ tupu ikuku eme ka ọ ghara ịgbasa nwere ike ibelata oke ikuku oxygen:

• Mbelata hydrogen: Tinye hydrogen dị ọcha nke ukwuu (ịdị ọcha ≥99.999%) na 200-300°C iji belata SeO₂ ka ọ bụrụ elemental selenium
• Mbelata okpomọkụ nke carbon: Gwakọta ihe ndị e ji selenium mee na ntụ ntụ carbon dị ọcha ma kpoo ọkụ ruo 400-500°C n'okpuru ikuku vacuum ma ọ bụ ikuku na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, na-akpali mmeghachi omume C + SeO₂ → Se + CO₂
• Mbelata Sulfide: Gas dịka H₂S nwere ike ibelata selenium oxides na obere okpomọkụ.

II. Nhazi na Nhazi Ọrụ nke Sistemụ Mwepụ Uzuzu

1. Nhọrọ na Nhazi nke Sistemụ Vacuum

Ọ dị mkpa iji belata ikuku oxygen n'ime ahụ:

• Jiri ngwakọta nke ọkpọkọ mgbasa ozi + ọkpọkọ igwe, nke nwere oghere kachasị elu nke ruru opekata mpe 10⁻⁴ Pa
• Sistemụ ahụ kwesịrị ịnwe ọnyà oyi iji gbochie mgbasa nke uzuoku mmanụ azụ.
• Njikọ niile kwesịrị iji akara ígwè iji zere ịpụ apụ na akara rọba
• Sistemụ ahụ kwesịrị ịgafe mmiri ọkụ zuru oke (200-250°C, awa 12-24)

2. Njikwa Kpọmkwem nke Okpomọkụ na Nrụgide Distillation

Nchikota paramita usoro kacha mma:

• Okpomọkụ nke ịgbaze: A na-achịkwa ya n'ime oke okpomọkụ nke 220-280°C (n'okpuru ebe esi mmiri nke selenium nke 685°C)
• Nrụgide sistemụ: Ejiri n'etiti 1-10 Pa
• Oke ọkụ: 5-10°C/min iji zere ikuku ọkụ na ntinye ike
• Okpomọkụ mpaghara ntụkọ: A na-edobe ya na 50-80°C iji hụ na ntụkọ selenium zuru oke

3. Teknụzụ Mgbasa Ozi Ọtụtụ Ogbo

Ntugharị dị iche iche nwere ike ibelata ikuku oxygen nke nta nke nta:

• Nkebi nke mbụ: Ntucha siri ike iji wepụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na-agbanwe agbanwe
• Nkebi nke abụọ: Njikwa okpomọkụ kpọmkwem iji chịkọta akụkụ bụ isi
• Nkebi nke atọ: Ọkụ dị ala, nke na-ebelata ọsọ ọsọ iji nweta ngwaahịa dị ọcha nke ukwuu
  Enwere ike iji okpomọkụ dị iche iche nke mmiri ozuzo mee ihe n'etiti usoro maka mmiri ozuzo nke akụkụ dị iche iche.

III. Usoro Ndị Enyemaka

1. Teknụzụ Nchekwa Gas Na-adịghị Agbanwe

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru oghere ikuku, ntinye kwesịrị ekwesị nke gas na-adịghị ọcha dị elu na-enyere aka belata ọdịnaya oxygen:

• Mgbe ị wepụsịrị sistemụ ahụ, jupụta ya na argon dị ọcha (ịdị ọcha ≥99.9995%) ruo 1000 Pa
• Jiri nchekwa gas na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-etinye obere argon (10-20 sccm) mgbe niile.
• Wụnye ihe nhicha gas dị elu na oghere gas iji wepụ oxygen na mmiri fọdụrụnụ

2. Mgbakwunye nke ihe ndị na-egbu oxygen

Itinye ihe nchekwa oxygen kwesịrị ekwesị na ihe eji emepụta ihe nwere ike ibelata ọdịnaya oxygen nke ọma:

• Magnesium metal: Njikọ siri ike maka oxygen, na-emepụta MgO
• Ntụ ntụ aluminom: Nwere ike iwepụ oxygen na sọlfọ n'otu oge
• Ọla dị ụkọ: Dịka Y, La, wdg, nwere mmetụta dị mma nke iwepụ oxygen
  Ọnụọgụ ihe e ji ekpofu oxygen na-abụkarị 0.1-0.5 wt% nke ihe e ji arụ ọrụ; oke ego nwere ike imetụta ịdị ọcha selenium.

3. Teknụzụ Nzacha Akpụcha

Ịza selenium agbazere agbaze tupu a na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha:

• Jiri ihe nzacha quartz ma ọ bụ seramiiki nwere oghere dị nha 1-5 μm
• Jikwaa okpomọkụ nzacha na 220-250°C
• Nwere ike iwepụ ihe ndị siri ike dị na oxide
• A ga-ewepụ ihe nzacha ahụ tupu oge eruo n'okpuru nnukwu oghere ikuku

IV. Mgbe Ọgwụgwọ na Nchekwa gasịrị

1. Nchịkọta na njikwa ngwaahịa

• A ga-ahazi onye na-anakọta condenser dị ka ihe owuwu a na-ewepụ ewepụ maka iwepụ ihe dị mfe na gburugburu ebe na-adịghị arụ ọrụ
• A ga-etinye ihe ndị e ji selenium chịkọtara n'ime igbe argon glove.
• Enwere ike ime nchacha elu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa iji wepụ oyi akwa oxide nwere ike ime

2. Njikwa Ọnọdụ Nchekwa

• A ga-edebe ebe nchekwa kpọrọ nkụ (ebe igirigi ≤-60°C)
• Jiri ngwugwu mkpuchi okpukpu abụọ nke e ji gas na-adịghị ọcha nke ukwuu mee.
• Okpomọkụ nchekwa akwadoro n'okpuru 20°C
• Zere ikpughe ìhè iji gbochie mmeghachi omume oxidation photocatalytic

V. Njikwa na Nnwale Ogo

1. Teknụzụ Nlekota Ntanetị

• Wụnye ihe nyocha gas residual (RGA) iji nyochaa nrụgide akụkụ oxygen n'oge
• Jiri ihe mmetụta oxygen chịkwaa ọdịnaya oxygen dị na gas nchebe
• Jiri infrared spectroscopy chọpụta oke mmịpụta njirimara nke njikọ Se-O

2. Nyocha Ngwaahịa Emechara

• Jiri usoro inert gas fusion-infrared absorption chọpụta ọdịnaya oxygen
• Nnyocha nke ion mass spectrometry nke abụọ (SIMS) iji nyochaa nkesa oxygen
• X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) iji chọpụta ọnọdụ kemịkalụ dị n'elu

Site na usoro zuru oke akọwara n'elu, enwere ike ijikwa ọdịnaya oxygen n'okpuru 1 ppm n'oge nhicha nke selenium na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha, na-emezu ihe achọrọ maka ojiji selenium dị ọcha. N'ime mmepụta n'ezie, a ga-emeziwanye paramita usoro dabere na ọnọdụ akụrụngwa na ihe achọrọ maka ngwaahịa, a ga-enwekwa usoro njikwa mma siri ike.