Usoro na paramita usoro Cadmium

I. Ọgwụgwọ Tupu Ihe Ndị A Na-anaghị Arụpụta na Nchacha Mbụ

1. ;Nkwadebe Nri Cadmium Dị Ọcha Dị Elu;

• ;Ịsa Asịd‌: Tinye ihe ndị dị na cadmium nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ime mmiri nitric acid nke 5%-10% na 40-60°C ruo awa 1-2 iji wepụ ihe ndị dị n'elu oxides na ihe ndị na-adịghị mma nke ígwè. Jiri mmiri deionized sachaa ya ruo mgbe pH na-anọpụ iche ma kpoo ya.
• ;Mmiri mmiri na-amịpụta ihe‌: Jiri sọlfọlik acid (15-20% nke ihe mkpofu) gwọọ ihe mkpofu nwere cadmium (dịka ọmụmaatụ, copper-cadmium slag) na okpomọkụ 80-90°C ruo awa 4-6, na-enweta arụmọrụ nke ≥95% nke cadmium. Jiri nzacha ma tinye ntụ zinc (1.2-1.5 ugboro stoichiometric ratio) maka mbugharị iji nweta sponge cadmium‌

1. ;Ịgbaze na Ịkpụ;

• Tinye sponge cadmium n'ime graphite crucibles dị ọcha nke ukwuu, gbazee n'okpuru ikuku argon na 320-350°C, ma wụsa ya n'ime ebu graphite ka ọ dị jụụ nwayọ. Mepụta ingots nwere njupụta ≥8.65 g/cm³

II. Ịrụzi Mpaghara

1. ;Ngwa na Paramita;

• Jiri ọkụ ndị na-agbaze ebe a na-ese n'elu mmiri kwụ ọtọ, nke obosara ya bụ 5-8 mm, ọsọ ya bụ 3-5 mm/h, na ọsọ ya bụ 8-12. Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ: 50-80°C/cm; ikuku ≤10⁻³ Pa‌
• ;Nkewa nke adịghị ọcha‌: Mpaghara ugboro ugboro na-agafe lead concentrate, zinc, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma n'ọdụ ingot. Wepụ akụkụ ikpeazụ nke jupụtara na adịghị ọcha nke 15-20%, na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị n'etiti ≥99.999%

1. ;Njikwa Isi;

• Okpomọkụ mpaghara a kpụrụ akpụ: 400-450°C (ntụgharị karịa ebe agbaze nke cadmium nke 321°C);
• Oke oyi: 0.5-1.5°C/min iji belata ntụpọ lattice;
• Ọkwa mmiri argon: 10-15 L/min iji gbochie oxidation

III. Nrụpụta Elektrọlitik

1. ;Usoro Electrolyte;

• Ngwakọta electrolyte: Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄, 80-120 g/L) na sulfuric acid (pH 2-3), tinyere gelatin 0.01-0.05 g/L iji mee ka njupụta nke cathode dịkwuo mma‌

1. ;Usoro Usoro;

• Anode: Efere cadmium a na-anaghị eji ihe mee; Katode: Efere titanium;
• Njupụta dị ugbu a: 80-120 A/m²; Voltaji sel: 2.0-2.5 V;
• Okpomọkụ elektrọlizis: 30-40°C; Oge: awa 48-72; ịdị ọcha nke katod ≥99.99%‌

IV. Mbelata Vaịkọ Mbelata

1. ;Mbelata na Nkewa Okpomọkụ Dị Elu;

• Debe ingots cadmium n'ime ọkụ ikuku (nrụgide ≤10⁻² Pa), tinye hydrogen dị ka ihe na-ebelata okpomọkụ, ma kpoo ọkụ ruo 800-1000°C iji belata cadmium oxides ka ọ bụrụ cadmium gas. Okpomọkụ Condenser: 200-250°C; Ịdị ọcha ikpeazụ ≥99.9995%

1. ;Mwepụ Ihe Na-adịghị Adị ọcha;

• Ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ọcha dịka lead, copper, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'ime ígwè ≤0.1 ppm;
• Ọdịnaya oxygen ≤5 ppm‌

V. Czochralski Otu Crystal Growth

1. ;Njikwa Gbazee na Nkwadebe Mkpụrụ Crystal;

• Tinye ihe ndị dị na cadmium dị ọcha nke ukwuu n'ime ihe ndị dị na quartz dị ọcha nke ukwuu, gbazee n'okpuru argon na okpomọkụ 340-360°C. Jiri mkpụrụ cadmium nke na-adịghị elu nke <100> (dayameta 5-8 mm), nke a na-etinye tupu oge eruo na okpomọkụ 800°C iji wepụ nrụgide dị n'ime

1. ;Paramita Ndị Na-adọpụ Crystal;

• Ọsọ ndọda: 1.0-1.5 mm/min (oge mbụ), 0.3-0.5 mm/min (ọganihu na-aga n'ihu);
• Mgbanwe Crucible: 5-10 rpm (mgbanwe-mgbanwe);
• Mgbago okpomọkụ: 2-5°C/mm; Mgbanwe okpomọkụ njikọ mmiri siri ike ≤±0.5°C‌

1. ;Usoro Mgbochi Mmebi;

• ;Enyemaka Ọdụ Igwe Magnetik‌: Tinye 0.2-0.5 T axial magnet field iji gbochie ọgba aghara agbaze ma belata striations adịghị ọcha;
• ;Jụụ a na-achịkwa‌: Oke oyi mgbe uto gasịrị nke 10-20°C/h na-ebelata ntụpọ mwepụ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ kpatara.

VI. Mmezi na Njikwa Ogo Mgbe Emechara Nhazi

1. ;Ịrụzi kristal;

• ;Ịcha‌: Jiri igwe eji akwa daịamọnd bee n'ime wafers 0.5-1.0 mm na ọsọ waya 20-30 m/s;
• ;Ịchacha‌: Nchacha kemịkalụ mekaniki (CMP) na ngwakọta nitric acid-ethanol (mkpụrụ vol. 1:5), na-enweta oke iru ala Ra ≤0.5 nm.

1. ;Ụkpụrụ Ogo;

• ;Ịdị ọcha‌: GDMS (Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry) na-egosi Fe, Cu, Pb ≤0.1 ppm;
• ;Nguzogide‌: ≤5×10⁻⁸ Ω·m (ịdị ọcha ≥99.9999%);
• ;Nhazi kristal‌: Ngbanwe <0.5°; Njupụta nke mgbanwe ≤10³/cm²

VII. Ntuziaka Nhazi Usoro

1. ;Mwepụ nke adịghị ọcha ezubere iche;

• Jiri resin mgbanwe ion maka nhọrọ nke Cu, Fe, wdg., yana nhazi mpaghara ọtụtụ ọkwa iji nweta ịdị ọcha nke ọkwa 6N (99.9999%)‌

1. ;Mmelite akpaaka;

• Algọridim AI na-agbanwe ọsọ ndọda, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, wdg., na-abawanye mmepụta site na 85% ruo 93%;
• Mee ka nha crucible dị elu ruo sentimita iri atọ na isii, na-enye ohere ka otu otu nri dị kilogram iri abụọ na asatọ (2800 kg), na-ebelata oriri ike ruo 80 kWh/kg

1. ;Nkwado na Mweghachi Akụrụngwa;

• Mee ka ihe mkpofu ịsacha acid dịghachi ọhụrụ site na mgbanwe ion (mweghachi Cd ≥99.5%);
• Jiri mmanu carbon na-arụ ọrụ + alkaline scrubbing gwọọ gas ikuku na-ekupụ ọkụ (mweghachi ikuku Cd ≥98%)‌

Nchịkọta

Usoro uto na nhicha nke kristal cadmium na-ejikọta hydrometallurgy, nhazi anụ ahụ dị elu, na teknụzụ uto kristal ziri ezi. Site na mmiri acid, nhazi mpaghara, electrolysis, mwepụ vacuum, na uto Czochralski - yana akpaaka na omume enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi - ọ na-eme ka mmepụta kwụsiri ike nke kristal cadmium otu 6N-ọkwa dị elu. Ndị a na-emezu ihe achọrọ maka nchọpụta nuklia, ihe fotovoltaic, na ngwaọrụ semiconductor dị elu. Mmepe n'ọdịnihu ga-elekwasị anya na uto kristal buru ibu, nkewa adịghị ọcha ezubere iche, na mmepụta obere carbon.